Resumen
Este estudio presenta, desde una perspectiva técnica y social, la evolución de la contaminación del agua de los ríos de El Salvador. Como un aporte novedoso al conocimiento de esta problemática, se muestran los resultados que revelan la presencia de contaminantes orgánicos emergentes en el río Lempa, el Embalse Cerrón Grande y una fuente de agua potable de una zona popular de San Salvador, la capital salvadoreña. Toda esta información se ha utilizado para analizar el ciclo hidrosocial y la manera en que la falta de acceso a agua de calidad puede condicionar la vida de los salvadoreños y salvadoreñas.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 78, No. 775, 2023: 21-49.
Referencias
ANDA. (2010). Boletín Estadístico 2010. Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/anda/documents/estadisticas
ANDA. (2011). Boletín Estadístico 2011. Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. https://www.anda.gob.sv/anda/wp-content/uploads/2020/Descargas/BoletinesEstadisticos/BoletinEstadistico2011.pdf
ANDA. (2012). Boletín Estadístico 2012. Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. https://www.anda.gob.sv/anda/wp-content/uploads/2020/Descargas/BoletinesEstadisticos/BoletinEstadistico2012.pdf
ANDA. (2013). Boletín Estadístico 2013. Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. https://www.anda.gob.sv/anda/wp-content/uploads/2020/Descargas/BoletinesEstadisticos/BoletinEstadistico2013.pdf
ANDA. (2014). Boletín Estadístico 2014. Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. https://www.anda.gob.sv/anda/wp-content/uploads/2020/Descargas/BoletinesEstadisticos/BoletinEstadistico2014.pdf
ANDA. (2015). Boletín Estadístico 2015. Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. https://www.anda.gob.sv/anda/wp-content/uploads/2020/Descargas/BoletinesEstadisticos/BoletinEstadistico2015.pdf
ANDA. (2016). Boletín Estadístico 2016. Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. https://www.anda.gob.sv/anda/wp-content/uploads/2020/Descargas/BoletinesEstadisticos/BoletinEstadistico2016.pdf
ANDA. (2017). Boletín Estadístico 2017. Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. https://www.anda.gob.sv/anda/wp-content/uploads/2020/Descargas/BoletinesEstadisticos/BoletinEstadistico2017.pdf
ANDA. (2020). Boletín Estadístico 2020. Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. https://www.anda.gob.sv/anda/wp-content/uploads/2020/Descargas/BoletinesEstadisticos/BoletinEstadistico2020.pdf
Archundia, D., Boithias, L., Duwig, C., Morel, M. C., Flores Aviles, G., & Martins, J. M. F. (2018). Environmental fate and ecotoxicological risk of the antibiotic sulfa- methoxazole across the Katari catchment (Bolivian Altiplano): Application of the GREAT-ER model. Science of the Total Environment,(622-623),1046-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.026
Aristizabal-Ciro, C., Botero-Coy, A. M., López, F. J., & Peñuela, G. A. (2017). Monitoring pharmaceuticals and personal care products in reservoir water used for drinking water supply. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(8), 7335–7347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8253-1
Babay, P. A., Romero Ale, E. E., Itria, R. F., Becquart, E. T., Thiele, B., & Batistoni, D. A. (2008). Simplified determination of lipophilic metabolites of nonylphenol ethoxylates: Method development and application in aqueous samples from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10(4), 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1039/b717942a
Barón, E., Gago-Ferrero, P., Gorga, M., Rudolph, I., Mendoza, G., Zapata, A. M., Díaz-Cruz, S., Barra, R., Ocampo-Duque, W., Páez, M., Darbra, R. M., Eljarrat, E., & Barceló, D. (2013). Occurrence of hydrophobic organic pollutants (BFRs and UV-filters) in sediments from South America. Chemosphere, 92(3), 309-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032
Baronti, C., Curini, R., D’Ascenzo, G., Di Corcia, A., Gentili, A., & Samperi, R. (2000). Monitoring natural and synthetic estrogens at activated sludge sewage treatment plants and in a receiving river water. Environmental Science and Technology, 34(24), 5029-5066. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001359q
Becker, R. W., Araújo, D. S., Sirtori, C., Toyama, N. P., Tavares, D. A., Cordeiro, G. A., Benassi, S. F., Gossen, A. C., & do Amaral, B. (2021). Pesticides in surface water from Brazil and Paraguay cross-border region: Screening using LC-QTOF MS and correlation with land use and occupation through multivariate analysis. Microchemical Journal, 168, 106502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106502
Bedoya-Ríos, D. F., Lara-Borrero, J. A., Duque-Pardo, V., Madera-Parra, C. A., Jimenez, E. M., & Toro, A. F. (2018). Study of the occurrence and ecosystem danger of selected endocrine disruptors in the urban water cycle of the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 53(4), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1401372
Belfroid, A. C., Van Der Horst, A., Vethaak, A. D., Schäfer, A. J., Rijs, G. B. J., Wegener, J., & Cofino, W. P. (1999). Analysis and occurrence of estrogenic hormones and their glucuronides in surface water and waste water in The Netherlands. Science of the Total Environment, 225(1–2), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00336-2
Belmont, M. A., Ikonomou, M., & Metcalfe, C. D. (2006). Presence of nonyl- phenol ethoxylate surfactants in a watershed in central Mexico and removal from domestic sewage in a treatment wetland. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1897/04-648R.1
Boelens, R., Hoogesteger, J., Swyngedouw, E., Vos, J., & Wester, P. (2016). Hydrosocial territories: a political ecology perspective. Water International 41(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1134898
Brichetti, J. P., Mastronardi, L., Rivas, M. E., Serebrisky, T. y Solís, B. (2021). La brecha de infraestructura en América Latina y el Caribe: estimación de las necesidades de inversión hasta 2030 para progresar hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). https://doi.org/10.18235/0003759
Brigante, M., DellaGreca, M., Previtera, L., Rubino, M., & Temussi, F. (2005). Degradation of hydrochlorothiazide in water. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2(4), 195–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-004-0096-1
Brown, K. D., Kulis, J., Thomson, B., Chapman, T. H., & Mawhinney, D. B. (2006). Occurrence of antibiotics in hospital, residential, and dairy effluent, municipal wastewater, and the Rio Grande in New Mexico. Science of the Total Environment, 366(2–3), 772-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.10.007
Budds, J., Roa García, M. C. y Perreault, T. (2018). Equidad y justicia hídrica: el agua como reflejo de poder en los países andinos (J. Budds, M. C. Roa García, & T. Perreault (Eds.)). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. https://doi.org/10.18800/9786124320309
Caldas, Sergiane S., Arias, J. L. O., Rombaldi, C., Mello, L. L., Cerqueira, M. B. R., Martins, A. F., & Primel, E. G. (2019). Occurrence of pesticides and PPCPs in surface and drinking water in southern Brazil: Data on 4-year monitoring. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 30(1). 71-80. https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180154
Caldas, Sergiane Souza, Bolzan, C. M., Guilherme, J. R., Silveira, M. A. K., Escarrone, A. L. V., & Primel, E. G. (2013). Determination of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides in surface and treated waters: Method development and survey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(8), 5855–5863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1650-9
Campanha, M. B., Awan, A. T., de Sousa, D. N. R., Grosseli, G. M., Mozeto, A. A., & Fadini, P. S. (2015). A 3-year study on occurrence of emerging contaminants in an urban stream of São Paulo State of Southeast Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(10), 7936–7947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3929-x
Campestrini, I., & Jardim, W. F. (2017). Occurrence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in drinking and source water in the São Paulo State region, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 576, 374-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.089
Capparelli, M. V., Cipriani-Avila, I., Jara- Negrete, E., Acosta-López, S., Acosta, B., Pérez-González, A., Molinero, J., & Pinos- Vélez, V. (2021). Emerging Contaminants in the Northeast Andean Foothills of Amazonia: The Case of Study of the City of Tena, Napo, Ecuador. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 107(1), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03275-8
Castillo, L. E., Ruepert, C., & Solis, E. (2000). Pesticide residues in the aquatic environment of banana plantation: Areas in the north Atlantic zone of Costa Rica. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19(8), 1942-1950. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190802
Chávez-Mejía, Navarro-González, Magaña- López, Uscanga-Roldán, Zaragoza-Sánchez, & Jiménez-Cisneros. (2019). Presence and Natural Treatment of Organic Micropollutants and their Risks after 100 Years of Incidental Water Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation. Water, 11(10), 2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102148
Chávez, A., Maya, C., Gibson, R., & Jiménez, B. (2011). The removal of microor- ganisms and organic micropollutants from wastewater during infiltration to aquifers after irrigation of farmland in the Tula Valley, Mexico. Environmental Pollution, 159(5), 1354-1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.008
Chiron, S., & Duwig, C. (2016). Biotic nitrosation of diclofenac in a soil aquifer system (Katari watershed, Bolivia). Science of the Total Environment, 565, 473-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.048
Cipriani-Avila, I., Molinero, J., Cabrera, M., Medina-Villamizar, E. J., Capparelli, M. V., Jara-Negrete, E., Pinos-Velez, V., Acosta, S., Andrade, D. L., Barrado, M., & Mogollón, N. G. S. (2023). Occurrence of emerging contaminants in surface water bodies of a coastal province in Ecuador and possible influence of tourism decline caused by COVID-19 lockdown. Science of the Total Environment, 866, 161340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161340
Cruz-López, A., Dávila-Pórcel, R. A., de León-Gómez, H., Rodríguez-Martínez, J. M., Suárez-Vázquez, S. I., Cardona-Benavides, A., Castro-Larragoitia, G. J., Boreselli, L., de Lourdes Villalba, M., Pinales-Munguía, A., Silva-Hidalgo, H., de la Garza, R., & del Socorro Espino-Valdes, M. (2020). Exploratory study on the presence of bisphenol A and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the Santa Catarina River in Monterrey, N.L., Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08446-4
De Aquino, S. F., Brandt, E. M. F., Bottrel, S. E. C., Gomes, F. B. R., & Silva, S. de Q. (2021). Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211765
De Gerónimo, E., Aparicio, V. C., Bárbaro, S., Portocarrero, R., Jaime, S., & Costa, J. L. (2014). Presence of pesticides in surface water from four sub-basins in Argentina. Chemosphere, 107, 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.039
Desbrow, C., Routledge, E. J., Brighty, G. C., Sumpter, J. P., & Waldock, M. (1998). Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent. 1. Chemical fractionation and in vitro biological screening. Environmental Science and Technology, 32(11), 1549-1558. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9707973
Díaz-Torres, E., Gibson, R., González- Farías, F., Zarco-Arista, A. E., & Mazari- Hiriart, M. (2013). Endocrine disruptors in the Xochimilco Wetland, Mexico City. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 224(6), 1586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1586-1
Díaz, A., & Peña-Alvarez, A. (2017). A Simple Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in River Sediment by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Followed by Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 55(9), 946. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmx058
Dong, Z., Senn, D. B., Moran, R. E., & Shine, J. P. (2013). Prioritizing environ- mental risk of prescription pharmaceuticals. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 65(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.07.003
Edwards, Q. A., Kulikov, S. M., & Garner- O’Neale, L. D. (2015). Caffeine in surface and wastewaters in Barbados, West Indies. SpringerPlus, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0809-x
Elorriaga , Y. , Marino, D. J. , Carriquiriborde, P., & Ronco, A. E. (2013). Screening of pharmaceuticals in surface water bodies of the Pampas region of Argentina. International Journal of Environment and Health, 6(4), 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJENVH.2013.056974
Esquivel, O. (2007). Diagnóstico nacional de la calidad sanitaria de las aguas superficiales de El Salvador. MARN, https://https://portafolio.snet.gob.sv/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc00246/doc00246-contenido.pdf
Félix-Cañedo, T. E., Durán-Álvarez, J. C., & Jiménez-Cisneros, B. (2013). The occurrence and distribution of a group of organic micropollutants in Mexico City’s water sources. Science of the Total Environment, 454–455, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.088
Ganesh, A., & Lin, J. (2013). Waterborne human pathogenic viruses of public health concern. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23(6), 544-564. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2013.769205
Graham, D. W., Olivares-Rieumont, S., Knapp, C. W., Lima, L., Werner, D., & Bowen, E. (2011). Antibiotic resistance gene abundances associated with waste discharges to the Almendares river near Havana, Cuba. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(2), 418-424. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102473z
Gupta, K. (2003). Addressing antibiotic resistance. Disease-a-Month, 49(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1067/mda.2003.10
Gustavo Ronderos-Lara, J., Saldarriaga- Noreña, H., Guillermo Reyes-Romero, P., Alberto Chávez-Almazán, L., Vergara-Sánchez, J., Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, M., & Torres- Segundo, C. (2021). Emerging Compounds in Mexico: Challenges for Their Identification and Elimination in Wastewater. En: Nuro, A. (Ed.) Emerging Contaminants. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93909
Hernández-Romero, A. H., Tovilla- Hernández, C., Malo, E. A., & Bello-Mendoza, R. (2004). Water quality and presence of pesticides in a tropical coastal wetland in southern Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48(11– 12), 1130-1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.01.003
Hernández, F., Ibáñez, M., Botero-Coy, A. M., Bade, R., Bustos-López, M. C., Rincón, J., Moncayo, A., & Bijlsma, L. (2015). LC-QTOF MS screening of more than 1,000 licit and illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater and surface waters from the area of Bogotá, Colombia. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407(21), 6405-6416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8796-x
Herrera Cardozo, J. (2022). Impacto ambiental de la eutrofización. Educación y difusión del conocimiento (Eduneuro). https://eduneuro.com/revista/index.php/revistaneuronum/article/download/443/522
Ide, A. H., Osawa, R. A., Marcante, L. O., da Costa Pereira, J., & de Azevedo, J. C. R. (2017). Occurrence of Pharmaceutical Products, Female Sex Hormones and Caffeine in a Subtropical Region in Brazil. Clean - Soil, Air, Water, 45(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201700334
Jardim, W. F., Montagner, C. C., Pescara, I. C., Umbuzeiro, G. A., Di Dea Bergamasco, A. M., Eldridge, M. L., & Sodré, F. F. (2012). An integrated approach to evaluate emerging contaminants in drinking water. Separation and Purification Technology, (84), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.06.020
Jouravlev, A., Saravia Matus, S. y Sevilla, M. G. (2021). Reflexiones sobre la gestión del agua en América Latina y el Caribe. Repositorio Digital-CEPAL. https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e5df0bb6-9457-439f-aa2c-9b1d1b1b1518/content
Kattan, C., Mena, Z., Amaya, L., Aguirre, J. y Peñate, Y. (2017). Informe de la calidad del agua de los ríos de El Salvador. Biblioteca Ambiental del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. https://bibliotecaam-biental.ambiente.gob.sv/documentos/informe-de-calidad-de-agua-de-los-rios-de-el-salva-dor-ano-2020/
Khan, S., Naushad, M., Govarthanan, M., Iqbal, J. y Alfadul, S. M. (2022). Emerging contaminants of high concern for the envi- ronment: Current trends and future research. Environmental Research, 207. 112609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112609
Kidd, K. A., Blanchfield, P. J., Mills, K. H., Palace, V. P., Evans, R. E., Lazorchak, J. M., & Flick, R. W. (2007). Collapse of a fish popu- lation after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(21), 8897-8901. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609568104
Kolpin, D. W., Barbash, J. E., & Gilliom, R. J. (1998). Occurrence of pesticides in shallow groundwater of the United States: Initial results from the National Water- Quality Assessment program. Environmental Science and Technology, 32(5). https://doi.org/10.1021/es970412g
Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B., & Buxton, H. T. (2002). Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance. Environmental Science and Technology, 36(6), 558-566. https://doi.org/10.1021/es011055j
Kuster, M., Azevedo, D. A., López de Alda, M. J., Aquino Neto, F. R., & Barceló, D. (2009). Analysis of phytoestrogens, progestogens and estrogens in environmental waters from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Environment International, 35(7), 997-1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.04.006
Lado, J. J. (2009). El ciclo hidrológico: experiencias prácticas para su comprensión. Enseñanza de Las Ciencias de La Tierra, 17(1), 78-85.https://www.raco.cat/index.php/ECT/article/view/184048/237104
Lesser, L. E., Mora, A., Moreau, C., Mahlknecht, J., Hernández-Antonio, A., Ramírez, A. I., & Barrios-Piña, H. (2018). Survey of 218 organic contaminants in groundwater derived from the world’s largest untreated wastewater irrigation system: Mezquital Valley, Mexico. Chemosphere, 198. 510-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.154
Locatelli, M. A. F., Sodré, F. F., & Jardim, W. F. (2011). Determination of antibiotics in brazilian surface waters using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60(3), 385-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9550-1
Lopes, Laudicéia G., Marchi, M. R. R., Souza, J. B. G., Moura, J. A., Lorenzon, C.S., Cruz, C., & Amaral, L. A. (2010). Estrogênios em águas naturais e tratadas da região de Jaboticabal - São Paulo. Química Nova, 33(3). 639-643. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422010000300029
Lopes, Laudicéia Giacometti. (2007). Estudo sobre a ocorrência de estrogênios em águas naturais e tratadas da região de Jaboticabal - SP. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). https://abrh.s3.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com/Sumarios/19/f0d682e8aa69532a59efc812f13c-d4ae_2972937a0d9632c64af90780c1f1cd52.pdf
López-Doval, J. C., Montagner, C. C., de Alburquerque, A. F., Moschini-Carlos, V., Umbuzeiro, G., & Pompêo, M. (2017). Nutrients, emerging pollutants and pesticides in a tropical urban reservoir: Spatial distributions and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 575. 1307-1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.210
Luo, Y., Guo, W., Ngo, H. H., Nghiem, L. D., Hai, F. I., Zhang, J., Liang, S., & Wang, X. C. (2014). A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. In Science of the Total Environment (473–474), 619-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065
Machado, K. C., Grassi, M. T., Vidal, C., Pescara, I. C., Jardim, W. F., Fernandes, A. N., Sodré, F. F., Almeida, F. V., Santana, J. S., Canela, M. C., Nunes, C. R. O., Bichinho, K. M., & Severo, F. J. R. (2016). A preliminary nationwide survey of the presence of emerging contaminants in drinking and source waters in Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 572, 138-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.210
Melo, S. M., & Brito, N. M. (2014). Analysis and occurrence of endocrine disruptors in Brazilian water by HPLC-fluorescence detection. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 225(1), 1783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1783-y
Mena, Z. (2007). Informe de Calidad de Agua de los ríos de El Salvador - 2006. MARN. https://shorturl.at/vwxJU
Mena, Z., Amaya, A., Serrano, M., Rojas, C. y Peñate, Y. (2013). Informe de la calidad del agua de los ríos, El Salvador/2012-2013. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Dirección General del Observatorio Ambiental. https://shorturl.at/mFPZ4
Mena, Z., Amaya, L., Aguirre, J., y Peñate, Y. (2019). Informe de la calidad del agua de los ríos de El Salvador 2018. MARN. https://shorturl.at/stCKR
Mena, Z., Amaya, L., Salguero, M. y Peñate, Y. (2021). Informe de la calidad de agua de los ríos de El Salvador año 2020. MARN. https://shorturl.at/kmNR6
Metcalfe, C. D., Beddows, P. A., Bouchot, G. G., Metcalfe, T. L., Li, H., & Van Lavieren, H. (2011). Contaminants in the coastal karst aquifer system along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Environmental Pollution, 159(4), 991-997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.031
Miglioranza, K. S. B., Aizpún De Moreno, J. E., & Moreno, V. J. (2004). Land-based sources of marine pollution: Organochlorine pesticides in stream systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 11(4), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979630
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. (2009). Informe de la calidad de los ríos de El Salvador año 2009. MARN. http://rcc.marn.gob.sv/bitstream/handle/123456789/166/Informe%20de%20Calidad%20de%20Agua%20de%20los%20ríos%20de%20El%20Salvador%20-%202009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Moeder, M., Carranza-Diaz, O., López- Angulo, G., Vega-Aviña, R., Chávez-Durán, F. A., Jomaa, S., Winkler, U., Schrader, S., Reemtsma, T., & Delgado-Vargas, F. (2017). Potential of vegetated ditches to manage organic pollutants derived from agricultural runoff and domestic sewage: A case study in Sinaloa (Mexico). Science of the Total Environment, 598, 1106-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.149
Montagner, C. C., & Jardim, W. F. (2011). Spatial and seasonal variations of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in the Atibaia River, São Paulo State (Brazil). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 22(8), 1452-1462. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532011000800008
Ortiz Colon, A. I. (2016). Assessment of Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Phthalates in Two Urban Rivers of the Northeast of Puerto Rico. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 06(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000353
Pérez-Coyotl, I., Galar-Martínez, M., García-Medina, S., Gómez-Oliván, L. M., Gasca-Pérez, E., Martínez-Galero, E., Islas- Flores, H., Pérez-Pastén, B. R., Barceló, D., López de Alda, M., Pérez-Solsona, S., Serra- Roig, M. P., Montemurro, N., Peña-Herrera, J. M., & Sánchez-Aceves, L. M. (2019). Polluted water from an urban reservoir (Madín dam, México) induces toxicity and oxidative stress in Cyprinus carpio embryos. Environmental Pollution, 251, 510-521 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.095
Programa Estratégico de Investigación de la UCA. (2023). La población salvadoreña opina sobre el derecho humano al agua. Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas.
Purdom, C. E., Hardiman, P. A., Bye, V. J., Eno, N. C., Tyler, C. R., & Sumpter, J. P. (1994). Estrogenic Effects of Effluents from Sewage Treatment Works. Chemistry and Ecology, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/02757549408038554
Quinteros, E., Ribó, A., Mejía, R., López, A., Belteton, W., Comandari, A., Orantes, C. M., Pleites, E. B., Hernández, C. E., & López, D. L. (2017). Heavy metals and pesticide exposure from agricultural activities and former agrochemical factory in a Salvadoran rural community. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(2), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7899-z
Raimundo, C. C. M. (2011). Contaminantes emergentes em água tratada e seus mananciais: sazonalidade, remoção e atividade estrogênica. [Tesis de doctorado publicada]. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. https://repositorio.unicamp.br/Acervo/Detalhe/837191
Reis Filho, R. W. (2008). Hormônios estrógenos no rio do Monjolinho, São Carlos - SP: uma avaliação da problemática dos desreguladores endócrinos ambientais [Tesis de doctorado publicada]. Universidade de São Paulo. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.18.2008.tde-17112008-135622
Rivera-Jaimes, J. A., Postigo, C., Melgoza- Alemán, R. M., Aceña, J., Barceló, D., & López de Alda, M. (2018). Study of pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewater from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 613–614, 1263-1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.134
Rodríguez, A. G. P., López, M. I. R., Casillas, Á. D. V., León, J. A. A., & Banik, S. D. (2018). Impact of pesticides in karst groundwater. Review of recent trends in Yucatan, Mexico. In Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 7, 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2018.02.003
Ryan, C. C., Tan, D. T., & Arnold, W. A. (2011). Direct and indirect photolysis of sulfa- methoxazole and trimethoprim in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Water Research, 45(3), 1280–1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.005
Saad, M., Shams, D. F., Khan, W., Ijaz, A., Qasim, M., Hafeez, A., Khan, A., Baig, S. A., & Ahmed, N. (2017). Occurrence of Selected Pesticides and PCPs in Surface Water Receiving Untreated Discharge in Pakistan. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000500
San Juan, M. R. F., Lavarías, S. M. L., Aparicio, V., Larsen, K. E., Lerner, J. E. C., & Cortelezzi, A. (2023). Ecological risk assessment of pesticides in sediments of Pampean streams, Argentina. Chemosphere, 313, 137598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137598
Sánchez, A., Castellanos, M., Calles, R. y Castillo, E. (2018). Situación actual del manejo de las aguas ordinarias en lotificaciones y parcelaciones habitacionales de la zona rural de El Salvador. Un análisis de cumplimiento técnico y legal aproximado. Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador.
Scurupa Machado, K. (2010). Determinação de hormônios sexuais femininos na bacia do Alto Iguaçú, Região Metropolitana de Curitiba-PR. Dissertação Apresentada Ao Programa de Pós Graduação Em Engenharia de Recursos Hídricos e Ambiental Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná. Universidade Federal do Paraná.
Servicio Hidrológico Nacional. (2011). Informe de la calidad del agua de los ríos de El Salvador año 2010. MARN. http://rcc.marn.gob.sv/xmlui/handle/123456789/167
Siemens, J., Huschek, G., Siebe, C., & Kaupenjohann, M. (2008). Concentrations and mobility of human pharmaceuticals in the world’s largest wastewater irrigation system, Mexico City-Mezquital Valley. Water Research, 42(8–9), 2124-2134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.019
Spongberg, A. L., Witter, J. D., Acuña, J., Vargas, J., Murillo, M., Umaña, G., Gómez, E., & Perez, G. (2011). Reconnaissance of selected PPCP compounds in Costa Rican surface waters. Water Research, 45(20), 6709-6717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.004
Steger-Hartmann, T., Länge, R., & Schweinfurth, H. (1999). Environmental Risk Assessment for the Widely Used Iodinated X-Ray Contrast Agent Iopromide (Ultravist). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 42(3), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1998.1759
Stumpf, M., Ternes, T. A., Wilken, R. D., Silvana Vianna Rodrigues, & Baumann, W. (1999). Polar drug residues in sewage and natural waters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 225(1–2), 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00339-8
Swyngedouw, E. (2009). The Political Economy and Political Ecology of the Hydro- Social Cycle. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 142(1), 56-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2009.00054.x
Ternes, T. A., Stumpf, M., Mueller, J., Haberer, K., Wilken, R. D., & Servos, M. (1999). Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants - I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 225(1–2), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00334-9
Torres, N. H., Aguiar, M. M., Ferreira, L. F. R., Américo, J. H. P., Machado, Â. M., Cavalcanti, E. B., & Tornisielo, V. L. (2015). Detection of hormones in surface and drinking water in Brazil by LC-ESI-MS/MS and ecotoxicological assessment with Daphnia magna. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4626-z
Uddin, M. G., Nash, S., & Olbert, A. I. (2021). A review of water quality index models and their use for assessing surface water quality. Ecological Indicators, 122 (122). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107218
Vargas-Berrones, K., Díaz de León- Martínez, L., Bernal-Jácome, L., Rodríguez- Aguilar, M., Ávila-Galarza, A., & Flores- Ramírez, R. (2020). Rapid analysis of 4-nonylphenol by solid phase microextraction in water samples. Talanta, 209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120546
Voloshenko-Rossin, A., Gasser, G., Cohen, K., Gun, J., Cumbal-Flores, L., Parra-Morales, W., Sarabia, F., Ojeda, F., & Lev, O. (2015). Emerging pollutants in the Esmeraldas watershed in Ecuador: Discharge and attenuation of emerging organic pollutants along the San Pedro-Guayllabamba-Esmeraldas rivers. Environmental Sciences: Processes and Impacts, 17(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00394b
Wilson, E. W., Castro, V., Chaves, R., Espinosa, M., Rodil, R., Quintana, J. B., Vieira, M. N., & Santos, M. M. (2021). Using zebrafish embryo bioassays combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry scree- ning to assess ecotoxicological water bodies quality status: A case study in Panama rivers. Chemosphere, 272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129823
World Health Organization (WHO). (1989) Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. (1989). World Health Organization - Technical Report Series, 778.
Zamalloa, W., Tornisielo, V. L., & Zirena Vilca, F. (2020). Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the inner bay of Lake Titicaca, Puno-Perú. Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas - Journal of High Andean Research, 22(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.18271/ria.2020.531
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2024 ECA. Estudios Centroamericanos