Palabras clave
Neurociencia
Aprendizaje
Neuropsicología
Cómo citar
Resumen
Los trastornos específicos del aprendizaje, anteriormente conocidos como dislexia, discalculia, disortografía, disgrafía, entre otros, son un desafío multidimensional en el rendimiento académico, emocional y social de niños y adolescentes. Estos trastornos no se atribuyen a déficits sensoriales o falta de instrucción, sino a disfunciones neurobiológicas específicas. En el caso de la dislexia, por ejemplo, las investigaciones en neuroimagen han reportado anomalías en la activación de regiones claves en el hemisferio izquierdo, como la circunvolución fusiforme o el área temporoparietal, involucradas en la decodificación y procesamiento fonológico y una disminución de la conectividad funcional entre estas y otras estructuras involucradas con la producción de lenguaje. Otro ejemplo es la discalculia, la cual se asocia con alteraciones en el surco intraparietal y el tálamo, lo que afecta el procesamiento numérico y la memoria de trabajo. La evaluación neuropsicológica es el pilar para un diagnóstico de estos problemas del aprendizaje y una intervención más personalizada. Los tratamientos basados en la neurociencia, como la estimulación hemisférica, el entrenamiento cognitivo, la estimulación eléctrica transcraneal y los videojuegos educativos, han demostrado ser efectivos para mejorar las funciones lectoras y ejecutivas. A pesar de todo, aún se requiere más investigación para tener una mejor comprensión de estos trastornos, a la vez que se desarrolla una responsabilidad ética de las profesiones para supervisar los progresos en este campo emergente de las neurociencias de los trastornos del aprendizaje.
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